【一般过去时】
1.一般过去时的定义
一般过去时表示过去某一时候或某一段时间所发生了的事情或存在的状态。常与过去时间yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before …, when – clause, in the past连用。如：
What did you do yesterday?昨天你干了什么?
I met Lin Tao this morning.今天上午我会到了林涛。
I was there a moment ago.刚才我在那儿。
2.一般过去时的应用
(1)表示过去某时所发生的动作或存在的状态。如：
Liu Ying was in America last year.刘英去年在美国。
Jim rang you just now.吉姆刚才给你打了电话。
(2)表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。常接时间副词often, usually, always, sometimes, every day / week, etc.如：
We often went out for a walk after supper.我们过去常在晚饭后散步。
We usually played together.我们通常一起玩。
3.一般过去时对谓语动词的要求
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一般过去时的谓语动词要用动词的过去式。动词过去式的构成分规则变化和不规则变化两种形式，不规则变化通常需要逐个记忆，规则变化则遵循以下原则：
(1)一般在动词后加-ed。如：play—played, offer—offered, weigh—weighed, destroy— destroyed, sign—signed.
(2)在以字母e结尾的动词后，只加-d。如：like—liked, provide—provided, hate — hated, date—dated。
(3)在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词后，则改y为i，再加—ed。如：supply—supplied, fly—flied, study— studied.
(4)在以单短元音的重读闭音节结尾且，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ed。如：plan—planned, refer—referred, regret—regretted, ban—banned.
4.特别说明
有些动词的过去时，如：expect, hope, intend, plan, wanted等一般过去时，后接不定式的完成时;或它们的过去完成时接不定式的一般式，都可表示过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望。如：
I hoped to have been invited to his wedding party. —I had hoped to be invited to his wedding ceremony.我本希望他来邀请我参加他的婚礼。
I intended to have joined their games. —I had intended to join their games.我本打算参加他们的比赛。
一、不定式做主语：
1、不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。===动名词doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作。
e.g: To finish the building in a month is difficult.
To do such things is foolish.
To see is to believe. (对等)
注: 1). 不定式作主语时,谓语用单数
2). 当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。
it做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：
(1)It is/was +adj.+of sb. to do…
(2) It is +adj.+for sb.+to do…
It is easy / difficult / hard / foolish / unwise / right / wrong / unnecessary
(3) it is +a +名词+ to do...
It is a pity / a pleasure / a pleasant thing / one’s duty / an honor / a shame / a crime / no easy job… to do
It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience …to do…
It requires courage / patience / hard work… to do…
注意: probable 和 possible 均可作表语，但possible可以用不定式作真实主语， 而probable不能用不定式作真实主语。
It is probable for him to come to the meeting.(错)
It is possible for him to come to the meeting.
It is possible / probable that he will come to the meeting.
二、不定式做表语
主语是以aim duty hope idea intention plan job suggestion wish purpose task 等为中心词的名词词组 或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容, 不定式作表语常表示将来或现在的动作或状态。
eg :My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.
Your mistake was not to write that letter.
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
三 、动词不定式作宾语
以不定式结构为宾语的动词有：
ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用动词不定式作宾语
口诀(接不定式作宾语的动词)
想要学习 早打算( want learn plan)
快准备 有希望( prepare hope wish expect)
同意否 供选择(agree offer choose)
决定了 已答应(decide be determined promise)
尽力去 着手做(manage undertake)
别拒绝 别假装(refuse pretend)
失败不是属于你(fail)
e.g.Tom refused to lend me his pen.
We hope to get there before dark.
The girl decided to do it herself.
一、重点词汇总结
1. impression n.印记;印象;感想;后接of sb./ of sth./ on sb./ that从句; My first impression of him was favorable.他给我的.第一印象非常讨人喜欢。 I got the impression that they were unhappy about the situation.他们给我的印象是他们对这个情形不是很开心。
知识拓展：impress v.给……留下深刻的印象;使铭记;使感动;常用结构有：impress sth. on/upon sb./impress sb. with sth.给……留下深刻的印象;使铭记; It impressed me that she remembered my name.令我佩服的是她记得我的名字。
2. remind v.提醒;使想起;常用结构有: remind sb. to do sth.提醒某人做某事;remind sb.+(that)/wh-从句提醒某人……;使某人想起……;remind sb. about/of sth.使某人想起或意识到……;提醒某人某事I'm sorry, but I've forgotten your name, can you remind me?很抱歉，我忘记你叫什么名字了，你能提醒一下吗?
You remind me of your father when you say that.说到那的时候，我想起了你的父亲。
知识拓展：reminder n.提醒物;引起回忆的事物
3. constantly adv.始终;一直;重复不断地Fashion is constantly changing.时尚总是日新月异。知识拓展：constant adj.连续发生的;不断的;重复的;
4. previous adj.先前的;以往的;(时间上)稍前的;
No previous experience is necessary for this job.以往的经验对这项工作不是很有必要。
I couldn't believe it when I heard the news.我听到这个消息的时候，我觉得简直令人那以置信。
I had only seen him the previous day.我只在几天前见到过他。
知识拓展：previously adv.先前的;早先
The building had previously been used as a hotel.这栋建筑早些时候被用作旅馆。
5. bend v.(bent bent)弯曲;使弯曲;弯腰;弯身;常用搭配有: bend one's mind/efforts
to sth.致力于某事bend sb.to sth.迫使;说服bend the truth歪曲事实It's hard to bend an iron bar.把铁棒弄弯很不容易。
She bent her head and kissed her daughter.她低下头吻了她的女儿。
6. press v.压;按;推;挤;坚持;敦促n.报章杂志，新闻工作者，新闻界She pressed a handkerchief to his nose.她用手绢捂住鼻子。 She pressed down hard on the gas pedal.她用力踩下油门踏板。 He is still pressing her claim for compensation.他仍坚持索赔。 The press was/were not allowed to attend the trial.庭审谢绝新闻采访。
7. switch n. & v.用作名词表示“开关;转换”。用作动词表示“转换”。 She made the switch from full-time to part-time work when her first child was born.她生第一个孩子的时候调整了工作，把全职工作转换成了兼职工作。 Press these two keys to switch between documents on screen.按这两个键来转换屏幕上的文件。
I can't work next week, will you switch with me?下周我不想上班，你能和我换一下班。
8. lack n. & v.用作名词，表示：“缺乏;短缺”;用作动词，表示：“缺乏;短缺;没有;不足”。 a lack of food /money/skills缺乏食物/金钱/技能
The trip was cancelled through lack of interest.因为缺乏兴趣这次旅行被取消了。 He lacks confidence.他缺乏信心。
知识拓展：lacking adj.缺乏;没有;匮乏;不足
Life in the future
一、重点词汇总结
impression 印记;印象;感想;后接 of of on that 从句; My first impression of him was 他给我的第一印象非常讨人喜欢。 I got the impression that they were unhappy about the 他们给我的印象是他们对这个情形不是很开心。
知识拓展：impress 给……留下深刻的印象;使铭记;使感动;常用结构有：impress on/upon with 给……留下深刻的印象;使铭记; It impressed me that she remembered my 令我佩服的是她记得我的名字。
remind 提醒;使想起;常用结构有: remind to do 提醒某人做某事;remind +(that)/wh-从句 提醒某人……;使某人想起……;remind about/of 使某人想起或意识到……;提醒某人某事 I'm sorry, but I've forgotten your name, can you remind me? 很抱歉，我忘记你叫什么名字了，你能提醒一下吗?
You remind me of your father when you say 说到那的时候，我想起了你的父亲。
知识拓展：reminder 提醒物;引起回忆的事物
constantly 始终;一直;重复不断地 Fashion is constantly 时尚总是日新月异。 知识拓展：constant 连续发生的;不断的;重复的;
previous 先前的;以往的;(时间上)稍前的;
No previous experience is necessary for this 以往的经验对这项工作不是很有必要。
I couldn't believe it when I heard the 我听到这个消息的时候，我觉得简直令人那以置信。
I had only seen him the previous 我只在几天前见到过他。
知识拓展：previously 先前的;早先
The building had previously been used as a 这栋建筑早些时候被用作旅馆。
bend (bent bent)弯曲;使弯曲;弯腰;弯身;常用搭配有: bend one's mind/efforts
to 致力于某事 bend 迫使;说服 bend the truth 歪曲事实 It's hard to bend an iron 把铁棒弄弯很不容易。
She bent her head and kissed her 她低下头吻了她的女儿。
press 压;按;推;挤;坚持;敦促 报章杂志，新闻工作者，新闻界 She pressed a handkerchief to his 她用手绢捂住鼻子。 She pressed down hard on the gas 她用力踩下油门踏板。 He is still pressing her claim for 他仍坚持索赔。 The press was/were not allowed to attend the 庭审谢绝新闻采访。
switch & 用作名词表示“开关;转换”。用作动词表示“转换”。 She made the switch from full-time to part-time work when her first child was 她生第一个孩子的时候调整了工作，把全职工作转换成了兼职工作。 Press these two keys to switch between documents on 按这两个键来转换屏幕上的文件。
I can't work next week, will you switch with me? 下周我不想上班，你能和我换一下班。
lack & 用作名词，表示：“缺乏;短缺”;用作动词，表示：“缺乏;短缺;没有;不足”。 a lack of food /money/skills 缺乏食物/金钱/技能
The trip was cancelled through lack of 因为缺乏兴趣这次旅行被取消了。 He lacks 他缺乏信心。
知识拓展：lacking 缺乏;没有;匮乏;不足
surroundings 环境;surround 围绕;环绕 surrounding 周围的;附近的 Everyone likes to work in pleasant 每个人都喜欢在愉快的环境中工作。
catch/gain/get sight of 发现，看出;lose sight of 看不见,忘记; lose one's sight 失明;at first sight 一见就;乍看起来;at (the) sight of 一看见就……;be in sight 看得见，在眼前;out of sight 看不见At first sight, the problem seems 乍一看，这个问题似乎很简单。 At the sight of the teacher, the boy ran 小男孩一看到老师就跑了。 The island is still in 小岛仍然在眼前。
Out of sight, out of 眼不见，心不烦。
take up：to fill or use an amount of space or time 占用(时间);占据(空间);to learn to or start to do sth 开始做(某项工作);开始从事;to accept that is offered or available 接受(建议或能得到的东西) The table takes up too much 这张桌子太占地儿。 They have taken up 他们学起打高尔夫球来了。 She took up his offer of a 他请她喝一杯，她接受了。 He takes up his duties next 他下周就要开始履行职责。
sweep up 打扫;清扫;横扫;涌向;快速地抱起 He swept up the baby up into his 他一把将孩子抱进怀里
二、重点语法：
Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few Well-known for their expertise, his parents’ company …
Confused by the new surroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh Exhausted, I slid into the bed and fell fast 过去分词作状语：过去分词作状语时，说明动作发生的背景或情况，其等同于一个状语从句。vt 过去分词作状语时与主句主语构成被动关系，表示被动和完成，vi 过去分词表示状态或动作的完成。
作原因状语，等于as / since / because 引导从句
Moved by what she said ,we couldn’t help crying . = ( As we are moved by what she said …
作时间状语，等于when 引导时间从句，如果分词表示的动作与谓语的动作同时发生，可在分词前加when/ while / until 等使时间意义更明确。 When heated , water can be changed into steam .
Seen from the hill ,the park looks very beautiful .= ( When the park is seen from the hill…
作条件状语等于 if / whether 引导从句
Given more attention , the cabbages could have grown better .= ( If they have been given more attention ….
Compared with you , we still have a long way to go = ( If we are compared with you …
作方式或伴随状语
The actress came in , followed by her fans . She sat by the window , lost in thought .
作让步状语
Much tired ,he still kept on working .=(Although he was tired ,) he ….
独立主格结构： 当分词的逻辑主语不是主句主语时，分词可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。常用来表示伴随情况。 The boy rushed into the classroom , his face covered with sweat . All things considered ,your article is of great value than hers .
【微语】勇敢不是无所畏惧，而是明知道害怕却依然选择前行。
