用以特指某(些)人或某(些)事物
This is the house where Luxun once 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。
用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物
Open the door, 请把门打开。
用以复述上文提过的人或事物(第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”)
once there lived a lion in te Every day the lion asked small animals to look for food for 从前森林里住着一只狮子。每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物。
用在序数词和形容词最高级前
January is the first month of the 一月份是一年当中的第一个月。
Shanghai is the biggest city in 上海是中国最大的城市。
表示世界上宇宙中独一无二的事物
the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮
the earth 地球 the sky 天空 the world 世界
指由普通名词构成的专有名词
the West Lake 西湖 the Great Wall 长城
the United States 美国 the United Nations 联合国
表示方向、方位
in the east 在东方 in the west 在西方
in the front 在前面 at the back 在后面
in the bottom 在底部 at the top 在顶部
on the right 在右边 on the left 在左边
在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前
the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 the Huanghe River 黄河
the Tainshan Mountains 天山山脉 the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡
在姓氏复数前，表示一家人
The Bakers came to see me 贝克一家人昨天来看我。
重点句型：
1 Here is my hair/pencil/book/eraser/ruler/…… 这是我的……
2 Look at my big eyes/small face 看我的……
3 I see a rabbit/ bird……. Me 我看见……，我也是
4 See/ hear/call the
5 -Give me your tail please?
-Sorry, it’s too long/short/big
-Look, there it 看，它在这儿
一. 动词be(is,am,are)的用法
我(I)用am, 你(you)用are，is跟着他(he)、她(she)、它(it)。单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。变否定，更容易，be后not加上去。变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。还有一条须注意，句首大写莫忘记。
二. this，that和it用法
(1)this和that是指示代词，it是人称代词。
(2)距离说话人近的人或物用this, 距离说话人远的人或物用that。如：
This is a 这是一朵花。(近处)
That is a 那是一棵树。(远处)
(3)放在一起的两样东西，先说this, 后说that。如：
This is a That is a 这是一支钢笔。那是一支铅笔。
(4)向别人介绍某人时说This is…, 不说That is…。如：
This is Helen, this is 这是海伦。海伦，这是汤姆。
(5)This is 不能缩写, 而That is可以缩写。如：
This is a That’s a 这是一辆自行车。那是一辆轿车。
(6)打电话时，介绍自己用this, 询问对方用that。如：
—Hello! Is that Miss Green? 喂，是格林小姐吗?
—Yes, this Who’s that? 是的，我是，你是谁?
注意：虽然汉语中使用“我”和“你”，但英语中打电话时绝不可以说：
I am…, Are you…?/Whoare you?
(7)在回答this或that作主语的疑问句时, 要用it代替this或that。如：
①—Is this a notebook? 这是笔记本吗?
—Yes, it 是的，它是。
②—What’s that? 那是什么?
—It’s a 是只风筝。
三. these和those用法
this, that, these和those是指示代词，these是this的复数形式，指时间、距离较近的或下面要提到的人或事;those是that的复数形式，指时间、距离较远或前面已经提到过的'人或事物。
①This is my That is Lily’s 这是我的床。那是莉莉的床。
②These pictures are 那些画很好。
③ Are those apple trees? 那些是苹果树吗?
在回答主语是these或those的疑问句时，通常用they代替these或those以避免重复。如：
④Are these/those your apples? 这些(那些)是你的苹果吗?
Yes, they 是的，他们是。
在there be/live/lie句型中用全部倒装:
在以there, here, now, then +be/come/go+主语的句子中用全部倒装:
注：如果主语是代词则不用倒装。
以off, away, out, in, up, down等副词开头的句子以示强调或为了使情景更生动，句子用全部倒装:
注：如果主语是代词则不用倒装。
only, not until所修饰的介词短语、副词或状语从句放在句首时，要部分倒装:
注：①主句倒装，从句不倒装。
②Only+主语置于句首时，不倒装。
never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, not, few, little, often, by no means, at no time等放在句首时，要部分倒装:
在no sooner…than; not only…but also; hardly/scarcely …when; 句型中，前面的句子要部分倒装:
注：not only…but also, neither…nor连接两个主语不倒装。
以so, neither, nor开头的句子，表相同概念的肯定或否定时，要全部倒装:
I have never been to Nor has
She is a teacher, so am
…that句型中，把so/such修饰的那部分放在句首时，主句要部分倒装:
引导的让步状语从句，常把表语、状语置于主首，用倒装:
注：如果表语是单数可数名词，该词前一般不加冠词。
Child as he is, he knows a
省略if的虚拟条件句置于句首时，用倒装:
Such作表语放在句首时，表示强调，用倒装:
为了保持句子平衡，或使上下文连接更紧，可把介词短语、形容词短语、副词或分词提到主语前，用全部倒装语序
将主动语态变被动语态的基本方法为：
①将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语;
②谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态;
③主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。(有时by短语可以省略)。
被动语态的一般疑问句是将一个助动词置于主语之前;否定句是在第一个助动词后加not;特殊疑问句的语序为：疑问词+一般疑问句。例如：
① You must throw the broken pottery away at
The broken pottery ______ ______ ______ ______ at (同义句) (填must be thrown away)
② Where did they grow vegetables?(改为被动语态)
Where ______ vegetables ______ ?(填were;grown)
注意特例
将主动语态变被动语态应注意几个特殊情况：
含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：
①将间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语保持不变;
②将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。例如：
① He told us a (变被动语态)
→We were told a story(by him).或：A story was told to us by
② Her mother gave her a new (变被动语态)(填was given to)
A new pen ______ ______ ______ her by her
短语动词的被动语态：在变为被动语态时，要将短语动词视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。例如：
① This dictionary mustn't ______ from the [D]
away taken away taken away
② She will take good care of the (变被动语态)(填be taken good care of)
The children will ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ (by her).
含有复合宾语的主动结构变被动结构时，通常将宾语变为被动句的主语，而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意：省略to的不定式作宾补时，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：
Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake (变被动语态)
He ______ ______ ______ swim in Qianling Lake
(填was seen to)
不定式的被动结构：动词不定式的被动语态为“to be +过去分词”。例如：
The radio says a wild animal zoo is to ______ in our
building built [C]
以疑问代词开头的疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序：应将主动句中的疑问代词改为介词by的宾语，但仍然放在句子开头。例如：
Who has broken the cup?(改为被动语态)
→By whom has the cup been broken?
注意区别
被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别：
1)含义不同：被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成;而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。试比较：
The window is 窗子破了。(系表结构)
The window is broken by 窗子被他打破了。(被动语态)
2)用法不同：过去分词作表语时可以被 so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修饰。试比较：
He was very interested in 他对科学有极大兴趣。(系表结构)
I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn't know what to 我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊，不知所措。(被动语态)
牢记(相关)句型
初中教材中与被动语态相关的句型有：
covered with被……覆盖
made of由……制作(发生物理变化) be made from由……制作(发生化学变化)
be made in由(某地)制造 be made by被(某人)制造
used for被用来……
be used as被当作(作为)……来使用 be used to do 被用来做某事
is said 据说…… It is hoped 希望……
It is well known 众所周知……例如：
①—Your coat looks it ______ cotton?[B]
—'s
of;made by of;made in
for;made by for;made in
② This machine is used ______ the room [A]
keeping keeping keeping
③ 据说在南京长江上又在建一座桥。
______ ______ ______ that ______ ______ is being ______ over the Changjiang River in
(填It is said;another bridge;built)
1、在表语从句和同位语从句中只能用whether不能用if;当主语从句放于句首时，只能用whether不用if;当it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末时用whether或if均可;discuss后引导宾语从句时，必须用whether。
2、在宾语从句中：
(1)及物动词后：whether从句中不能有否定式，宾语从句为否定句时用if;if不能与or not连用，但可以用whether or not;whether后可以加不定式。
(2)介词后：只能用whether,不用if。
Where is Tom? He hasn't come But Jack is already here . 这句话中又是 already，又有yet，是怎么回事吗?原来already和yet意思虽然相同，但用法有点小区别。表示事情早已发生或提前发生用 already，一般放于句中，用于肯定句和疑问句。含有already的肯定句，变为否定句时，要将already 变为yet，且放在句尾。yet表示预料要发生的事未发生，位于句尾，一般用于否定句和疑问句中。 还迷糊吗?再迷糊，只好再看一看上面的例句喽。
(一)that不可省略的情况
1、主语从句，that从句置于句首时;
2、当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，引导第二和以后几个从句的that不可省略;
3、由it作形式宾语时，that引导的宾语从句中，that不可以省略。
(二)wh-ever与no matter wh-的用法区别
Wh-ever既可引导名词性从句，又可引导让步状语从句;而no matter wh-只能引导让步状语从句。
(三)as if/though, because, why可以引导表语从句
注意：because引导的表语从句，主语不能是reason或cause,而且since,as不能引导表语从句。
(四)that引导的同位语从句与关系代词that引导的定语从句的区别
That引导的同位语从句成分是完整的，that在从句中不担当任何成分;that引导的定语从句成分是残缺的，that在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
ago 不能单独使用，应与three days (months , weeks)等连用, 而且和动词的过去时连用。如： I met my neighbour an hour Before 之前有"一段时间"时，指"距这段时间以前"，和过去完成时连用。如：He said he had finished the work two days (他说他两天前已完成了工作。) 如果before单独使用，是泛指"以前"，常常和完成时连用。如：I have seen the film (我以前没看过这部电影。)
固定搭配如：on one's way home,,send for,be interested , be late for, be angry with,be good at等。
常用介词解析及用法比较：
at,on和in：这三个介词在试卷中的出现频率极高。对于它们的的分辨只要记住一句话就可以了。at表示点，on表示线，in表示面。什么意思呢?也就是说它们表达的范围逐渐增大。at six o'clock, at noon, at the age of sixteen等用at表示时刻或时间的点以及年龄。on具体到一周中的各天,日期及某特定的一天早上,下午,晚上：on Saturday，on July 1st，on my birthday，on the morning of July 16th，on a spring afternoon。in表达的范围更大一些。与世纪、年代、季节、月份以及早上、上午、晚上等连用。如：in the seventh century，in 1950's ,in 20XX, in the morning等。
for,since：for表示多长时间。since后接时间起点,其终点往往为现在，常与完成时连用。牢牢记住哟。
after, in ：这两个介词都可以表示时间"在以后"的意思。其区别是：after 以过去为起点，表示过去一段时间之后，常用于过去时态的句子;in 以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间以后，常用于将来时态的句子。
by，with，in：by表示"以的方式，方法，手段" 和 "乘某种交通工具";with指"借助于具体的手段或工具";in 表示"以方式，用语言，文字等媒介"。
for和of：试比较：It's impossible for me to watch TV after eleven o' It's kind of you to help 两句中介词的选择依据其前形容词而定,一般来说,of之前的形容词往往是用于描写人的品质的好坏，人自身的特点，如聪明与否，细心与粗心等;for之前的形容词用于描写事物的特点，如可能性，必然性，难易程度等。
练习： Can you tell the story ______Russian?
with in on by
Here are some birthday cards ______ our teachers, ______ our best
of, with for, with of, in for, in
The visitors _______Japan arrived _____ Beijing station last Tuesday morning .
from, at of , to from , to of, on
He's badly hurt, we must send _____ a doctor at
to up on for
Do you usually come to school ______ foot or _____- bike?
by by on on by by on
--when was Jim born? --______July, 18,
in
WeiFang bought a new pen at a shop _____ her way
on at in to
Don't tell anybody about Keep it a secret _______ you and
among between in with
The teacher will be back ______ an
in after of at
-- How long have you been in Beijing ? --I've been here _____
in
1、主语从句：特殊疑问词引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语。
2、宾语从句
(1)常见的能接特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句的动词有see, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, show, discuss, understand, inform, advise等。
(2)作介词宾语。
3、同位语从句、表语从句
四、名词性关系从句
What=the thing(s) which/that, whoever=anyone who, whichever=anyone/anything that, whatever=anything that, where=the place where, when=the time when
scenery风景
例子：The west lake is famous for its beautiful 西湖以风景优美著称。
surround围绕
例子：God bless you and yours, and surround you ever with his
愿神祝福你们, 并且这祝福将永远伴随你们的左右!
wealthy有钱的
例子：He cheated her into believing him a wealthy 他骗得她相信他是一个富翁。
terrify
例子：Don't let the title of Kelly's book terrify 不要被凯利的著作的名称吓到。
pleased
例子：She was very pleased with her exam 她对考试成绩非常满意。
最后是主语从句的用法。主语从句在句子中充当主语的成分，引导主语从句的引导词有that, when,where, why, how等。在that引导的主语从句中，that不可以省略。That在从句中一般不充当成分，也不能省略。例如：How he went there is not 意思是：他怎样到达那里不为人所知道。What he did made his mother 意思是：他所做的一切令她的母亲高兴。
The teacher was very angry and decided to send ______school, so he wasn't a student any
away him from him away from the away him out of him away from
_______, he didn't fail in the English
Luck Lucky Luckily Luckly
you feeling ____? -Yes，I'm fine
any well better good better
The more we looked at the picture,
the less we liked it we like it less better we like it it looked better
After the new machine was introduced，the factory produced ___ shoes in 1988 as the year
as twice many as many twice twice as many twice many as
Our English needs to
farther farthest further far
What a pity! Lucy ran _______ more slowly than
a few much a little little
He is running
more slowly and more slowly slowlier and slowlier more and more slowly slowly and slowly
Last night my father went back _________later than
quite very even much more
sick man was too thin to go any
far farther further farthest
1、主语从句：特殊疑问词引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语。
2、宾语从句
(1)常见的能接特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句的动词有see, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, show, discuss, understand, inform, advise等。
(2)作介词宾语。
3、同位语从句、表语从句
四、名词性关系从句
What=the thing(s) which/that, whoever=anyone who, whichever=anyone/anything that, whatever=anything that, where=the place where, when=the time when
(一)that不可省略的情况
1、主语从句，that从句置于句首时;
2、当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，引导第二和以后几个从句的that不可省略;
3、由it作形式宾语时，that引导的宾语从句中，that不可以省略。
(二)wh-ever与no matter wh-的用法区别
Wh-ever既可引导名词性从句，又可引导让步状语从句;而no matter wh-只能引导让步状语从句。
(三)as if/though, because, why可以引导表语从句
注意：because引导的表语从句，主语不能是reason或cause,而且since,as不能引导表语从句。
(四)that引导的同位语从句与关系代词that引导的定语从句的区别
That引导的同位语从句成分是完整的，that在从句中不担当任何成分;that引导的定语从句成分是残缺的，that在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
Where is Tom? He hasn't come But Jack is already here . 这句话中又是 already，又有yet，是怎么回事吗?原来already和yet意思虽然相同，但用法有点小区别。表示事情早已发生或提前发生用 already，一般放于句中，用于肯定句和疑问句。含有already的肯定句，变为否定句时，要将already 变为yet，且放在句尾。yet表示预料要发生的事未发生，位于句尾，一般用于否定句和疑问句中。 还迷糊吗?再迷糊，只好再看一看上面的例句喽。
The teacher was very angry and decided to send ______school, so he wasn't a student any
away him from him away from the away him out of him away from
_______, he didn't fail in the English
Luck Lucky Luckily Luckly
you feeling ____? -Yes，I'm fine
any well better good better
The more we looked at the picture,
the less we liked it we like it less better we like it it looked better
After the new machine was introduced，the factory produced ___ shoes in 1988 as the year
as twice many as many twice twice as many twice many as
Our English needs to
farther farthest further far
What a pity! Lucy ran _______ more slowly than
a few much a little little
He is running
more slowly and more slowly slowlier and slowlier more and more slowly slowly and slowly
Last night my father went back _________later than
quite very even much more
sick man was too thin to go any
far farther further farthest
scenery风景
例子：The west lake is famous for its beautiful 西湖以风景优美著称。
surround围绕
例子：God bless you and yours, and surround you ever with his
愿神祝福你们, 并且这祝福将永远伴随你们的左右!
wealthy有钱的
例子：He cheated her into believing him a wealthy 他骗得她相信他是一个富翁。
terrify
例子：Don't let the title of Kelly's book terrify 不要被凯利的著作的名称吓到。
pleased
例子：She was very pleased with her exam 她对考试成绩非常满意。
最后是主语从句的用法。主语从句在句子中充当主语的成分，引导主语从句的引导词有that, when,where, why, how等。在that引导的主语从句中，that不可以省略。That在从句中一般不充当成分，也不能省略。例如：How he went there is not 意思是：他怎样到达那里不为人所知道。What he did made his mother 意思是：他所做的一切令她的母亲高兴。
一. 动词be(is,am,are)的用法
我(I)用am, 你(you)用are，is跟着他(he)、她(she)、它(it)。单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。变否定，更容易，be后not加上去。变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。还有一条须注意，句首大写莫忘记。
二. this，that和it用法
(1)this和that是指示代词，it是人称代词。
(2)距离说话人近的人或物用this, 距离说话人远的人或物用that。如：
This is a 这是一朵花。(近处)
That is a 那是一棵树。(远处)
(3)放在一起的两样东西，先说this, 后说that。如：
This is a That is a 这是一支钢笔。那是一支铅笔。
(4)向别人介绍某人时说This is…, 不说That is…。如：
This is Helen, this is 这是海伦。海伦，这是汤姆。
(5)This is 不能缩写, 而That is可以缩写。如：
This is a That’s a 这是一辆自行车。那是一辆轿车。
(6)打电话时，介绍自己用this, 询问对方用that。如：
—Hello! Is that Miss Green? 喂，是格林小姐吗?
—Yes, this Who’s that? 是的，我是，你是谁?
注意：虽然汉语中使用“我”和“你”，但英语中打电话时绝不可以说：
I am…, Are you…?/Whoare you?
(7)在回答this或that作主语的疑问句时, 要用it代替this或that。如：
①—Is this a notebook? 这是笔记本吗?
—Yes, it 是的，它是。
②—What’s that? 那是什么?
—It’s a 是只风筝。
三. these和those用法
this, that, these和those是指示代词，these是this的复数形式，指时间、距离较近的或下面要提到的人或事;those是that的复数形式，指时间、距离较远或前面已经提到过的'人或事物。
①This is my That is Lily’s 这是我的床。那是莉莉的床。
②These pictures are 那些画很好。
③ Are those apple trees? 那些是苹果树吗?
在回答主语是these或those的疑问句时，通常用they代替these或those以避免重复。如：
④Are these/those your apples? 这些(那些)是你的苹果吗?
Yes, they 是的，他们是。
【微语】心中有爱，眼中就有星辰大海；怀揣信念，脚下便是康庄大道。
